Abstract

This research study will use secondary methods to study the effects of different sound levels of sports spectators appearing on a television on the brains of audiences with EEG. The focus will be on the use of EEG in measuring the effects of the sounds. In this respect, the objectives of the study will be 1) to use EEG in analyzing the effects of different sound levels of sports spectators’ voices coming from the television on audiences 2) to determine the range of sound levels from spectators’ voices on the television that is appropriate for television audiences, based on EEG signals and 3) to determine the decibel levels that television audiences prefer when watching sports. The study is justified because not much has been done with respect to the use of EEG in measuring the effects of sounds of spectators on audiences watching sport events on a television. Therefore, the scope of the study will be delimited to audiences watching sports on a television and on the use of EEG in measuring the effects of spectators’ sounds on the audiences.
Introduction
Background of the Study
Sound encompasses waves that have been found to be having some effects on the brains of human beings (Swingle, 2008). In this respect, it is important to note that the human brain is made of billions of cells that are referred to as neurons, which use electric currents to communicate with each other (Lichtblau, 2010). Researchers have noted that these neurons send signals all at once, thereby producing a large amount of electric activities in the brain, which can be detected using equipment such as an electroencephalography (EEG); electroencephalography measures electricity levels over areas of one’s scalp (Cappellini, 2013; Nilmini, 2008). Important to note is the fact that a sound, once it enters through the ears, is converted into an electric signal, which travels up the auditory nerve to the section of the brain that is responsible for processing sounds (Kleiner & Tichy, 2014).
According to arguments by Vohra (2011) and Wissmann (2014), a sound has varied effects on various aspects of human beings. For instance, the above researchers have argued that different levels of sound affect the emotions and the stress of individuals. With respect to emotions, the researchers have argued that sounds affect the part of the brain that controls the link between cognitions, sounds and memories. In this regard, it is apparent that listening to certain sounds of certain intensities may have either positive or negative effects on individuals generally. Studies have also established that listening to sounds like those of music has the effect of making the individuals experience less pain and lower depression levels and other problems that are related to pains than those who do not listen to such sounds (Mannes, 2011). The implication of this argument is that certain sounds such as music help in enhancing the moods of individuals and in experiencing less pain.
Another effect that a sound has on individuals is with respect to stress. In this respect, several pundits have advanced the argument that loud noises trigger in individuals an instinctive fight or flight reactions in the brain (Magoulas, 2013; Garland, 2014). The fight-flight reaction involves a release of certain chemicals in the brain that stimulate an instant reaction or action (Garland, 2014), implying that an individual is able to flee from sounds that signal a danger or is unfriendly or to be attracted to a sound with which they are comfortable (Garland, 2014).
The above facts form the basis of this research study. The focus will be on the study of sound levels on EEG, with an emphasis on the analysis of the Effects of Sports Spectators’ sounds from the television on audiences watching sports.
Problem Statement
Many researchers have studied the effects of sounds on various aspects of human beings (Brown, 2012; Henshaw, 2012). Even though the studies have been exhaustive enough, the use of EEG to measure the effects of sounds on television audiences remains significantly understudied; not much research study has been done to analyze the use of EEG in measuring the effects of sounds on those who watch televisions, specifically with respect to the sounds coming from the voices of spectators in the television. If no study is done to undertake such an analysis, little will remain to be known about the use of EEG in measuring the effects of sounds on the brains of individuals watching sports on the television. Therefore, this research study has been designed specifically to analyze the use of EEG on measuring the effects of sound on television viewers. The emphasis will be placed on the voices of sports spectators appearing on the television.
Purpose of the Study
The purpose of the study will be to use secondary methods to study the effect of different sound levels of sports spectators appearing on televisions on the brains of audiences, using EEG.
Objectives of the Study
The following are the objectives that this research study will seek to achieve:
1. To use EEG in analyzing the effects of different sound levels of sports spectators’ voices coming from the television on audiences.
2. To determine the range of sound levels from spectators’ voices on the television that is appropriate for television audiences, based on EEG signals.
3. To determine the decibel levels that television audiences prefer when watching sports.
Research Questions
The following are the research questions of the study:
1. What are the effects of different sound levels of sports spectators’ voices coming from the television on audiences?
2. What range of sound levels from spectators’ voices on the television is appropriate for television audiences, based on EEG signals?
3. Which decibel levels do television audiences prefer when watching sports, based on EEG signals?
Justification and Significance of the Study
This study is justified on the ground that not enough research has been done with respect to the use of EEG in analyzing the effects of sounds coming from television sports spectators on television audiences. The lack of studies represents a research gap that this study will seek to reduce. With respect to significance, this research study will provide most current information as to the effects of different levels of sound coming from sports spectators on television audiences, as measured on the EEG. Besides, the study will reveal information on the range of sound level emanating from television spectators, as determined through the EEG. The study will also yield information about the decibel levels that television audiences will be comfortable with when watching sports on television, as will be shown on the EEG. Importantly, the results of the study will be important to all stakeholders who will be interested in understanding the use of EEG in the analysis of the effects of sounds on audiences, especially television audiences who watching sports.
The results of the study will make a significant contribution to the growing body of literature about the use of EEG in the analysis of the effects of sounds on audiences watching football through televisions. In relation to this, the findings of the study will also provide other researchers with a firm foundation for future studies, meaning that future researchers who will be interested in the subject as the one for this study will be able to use the findings to farther build on the subject.
Scope of the Study
Many studies have been done with respect to the effects of sounds on the human brain. However, this study will only focus on the use of EEG in the analysis of the effects of sounds coming from the voices of spectators on audiences watching sports. There are other ways of measuring sound effects. Even so, the use of EEG has attracted only a handful of researchers. In terms of methodology, only secondary methods will be used in achieving the objectives and answering the research questions; this implies that secondary data will be preferred to primary ones during the study.
The reasons for the choice of a secondary method of study will be discussed in details under the research methodology. With respect to the target population, the focus will be on television audiences who watch sports. The sounds to be analyzed will be the ones coming from sports spectators as heard through televisions. Geographically, the study will be based in the United States.
Organization of the Study
This study will be organized into three sections. The first section is the introduction of the study. The second section is on literature review. The review synthesizes the work of various authors as related to the subject of this research study. The third section will provide details of the methods that will be used to achieve the objectives of the study. The fourth section will present the findings of the study and a discussion of the findings. The last section will be the conclusion of the study and appropriate recommendations.
Conceptual Framework
The following figure represents the conceptual framework for the study.
Figure 1: Conceptual framework
The conceptual framework above represents the way the study will be conducted. There will be two types of variables: independent and dependent variables. The independent variable will be the varied intensity of sounds of spectators as received by audiences watching sports on a televisions. The sounds will be measured by use of EEG. The dependent variables will be the effects of the sounds on audiences. The intensity of the sounds will be varied by changing the volume of the television set that will be used. The effects will be measured through observing how the brains of respondents will be reacting to different intensities of sounds as will be indicated on the EEG.

Literature Review
Television Sounds
There is a significantly large body of research studies and publications with respect to television sounds. In this case, Birdsall (2012) has emphasized that a television relies more on sounds than it does on images. Further, Birdsall (2012) has posited that sound is key with respect to the production of different television programs, such as sports, commercials, and game shows, among others. However, Birdsall (2012) has failed to examine the effects of sounds coming from the televisions on audiences, much less those who watch sports on the televisions.
According to Aveyard and Moran (2013), the central importance of sound in a television is to appeal to the sense of hearing, not vision, meaning that sounds are used in television programs to draw the attention of target audiences and that images are only used to reinforce the sounds. This argument implies that a television combines the sound features of a radio to capture the attention of audiences. While supporting this claim, Obert (2008) has added that television programming borrows from radio, where a sound is very essential in terms of attracting audiences. In addition, the flow of sounds is what actually holds together television programs and that, without it, television programs cannot be successful, as evidenced by Oomen, Over, Kraaij and Smeaton (2013).
Moreover, Oakes and North (2013) have added to the discourse by claiming that not much information is communicated through television images and that such information would be missing in the absence of sounds. These arguments imply that sounds are very critical when it comes to designing television programs. However, arguments above have not taken into consideration the extent to which television sounds, especially the ones coming spectators of different sports, on audiences. In this case, no study has clearly identified or examined the effects of spectators’ noises on individuals watching sports on the televisions. Importantly, researchers have not conducted studies to examine how it would be like to watch sports without the background noises of spectators.
While conducting a research study, Landsberg (2010) concluded that all televised events could only be successful within a particular sound environment. This argument supports the argument of Enschot and Haeken (2015), who have contended that the television is not primarily a visual medium and that it is sound that provides the authenticity to television images and not the vice versa. According to Brasel and Gips (2014), the television sound is the unifying factor within a home environment and evokes an inclusivity among target audiences, such as those who love watching sports and advertisements. In this case, the researchers have explained that television program producers use sounds to manipulate the audience by amplifying the sounds they want audiences to hear. However, this argument cannot be applied in the context of sports viewership, because no study has been done to determine whether producers amplify the noise of spectators and, if they do, the objectives they intend to achieve by doing so. Therefore, more research studies are necessary to focus on that particular area. Specifically, there is a need for a further study to use EEG in examining the effects of varied sounds of spectators coming from televisions on the reactions of audiences watching sports.
Sound and its Characteristics
According to Grimshaw and Garner (2015), sound is a kind of vibration that transmits characteristically audible mechanical waves of displacement and pressure, which always take place through such media as air, water or a solid object. Schnupp, Nelken and King (2011) have added that, psychologically and physiologically, sound is described as the reception of the audible mechanical waves and their perceptions by the human brain; animals are also able to receive and perceive sounds.
Sound has certain characteristics that define its nature. According to Li. Zhao, Zhao and Cahill (2013), sound waves are described in terms of sinusoidal plane waves, whose characteristics are distinct: frequency, speed of sound, wavelength, direction, sound intensity, amplitude, sound pressure and wave numbers. In other literatures, Hughes, Mogilski and Harrison (2014) have quantified sound using three characteristics: pitch, quality and loudness. In this respect, the pitch of a sound is defined as the frequency of sound as perceived by the ears of human beings. In the opinion of the above researchers, a high frequency results in a high pitch note, while a low frequency produces a relatively low pitch note.
Mefferd and Green (2010) have explained that sound loudness is a physiological sensation, which depends primarily on sound pressure. However, the loudness of sound also depends on the spectrum of the harmonics and the physical duration. A pure tone of sound is described as the sound of only one frequency.
Effects of Sounds on Individuals
The brain of a human being is composed of billions of neurons, which use electric signals to communicate with one another (Marin-Padilla, 2010). The billions of brain neurons produce large amounts of electrical activities in the brain (Marin-Padilla, 2010). The electric activities can be detected on EEG. Various types of external factors or stimuli affect the activities of the human brain, taking into account parameters of sounds, such as volume, loudness, pitch, frequency and decibels or loudness (Backer & Alain, 2014).
According to Mannes (2011), the human brain responds to pure sounds in a very specific manner. Many studies have been done in relation to the intensity of sounds on the cognitive and rhythms on the EEG, many of which have shown that listening to varied quality of sounds such as soft, high or low pitch, as well as audible or inaudible sounds may have different effects on the human brain (Bella & Penhune, 2009; Koelsch, 2012). However, such studies have not been done to analyze the effects of sound from the voices of sports spectators on the television on audience watching sports.
Importantly, a great number of studies have also revealed that very high pitch or loud sounds result in changes in stress hormones, which include epinephrine, nephrite and cortisol (Koopsen & Young, 2009; Alters & Schiff, 2012; Smith, 2013). Researchers such as Lerner, Bornstein and Levethal (2015) have supported the foregoing argument. However, the researchers have failed to explain whether the results of their studies were achieved using EEG in their analysis processes. It has also been demonstrated that loud or high pitch sounds affect individual behaviors and physiological measurements like heart beat rates, blood pressure, and the general blood flow in the body (Smith, 2013).
Researchers such as Lind-Kyle (2009) has discussed that the brain has different waves. These waves include Beta (14-30 Hz), which is found within the normal waking conscientiousness; there is Alpha (7-14Hz), which constitutes a state of relaxation; another one is the Theta (4-7Hz), which a range of meditative states; the last is Delta (0.5-4Hz), which is regarded as the slowest and is range found in those who are in deep sleep. According to the, Gamma brain frequency is the fastest at approximately 30 Hz. The importance of these brain waves is that one can use sounds to manipulate them in order to achieve desired results. Therefore, it is apparent that the use of EEG to analyze the effects of sounds on the human brain should take into account these frequencies. However, it is worth noting that studies with respect to the use of EEG, in light of varied brain frequencies, to measure the effects of sounds from sports spectators on audiences are still scanty.
While adding to the debate, Strasser (2005) has explained that prolonged exposures to loud or high pitch sounds changes how the human brain processes speech, which has the potential to increase difficulties that are often encountered in differentiating sounds from one another. Yet, Nevid (2011) has argued that long exposure to loud sounds may result in the impairment of cells within the ear. The net effects of the impairment may be a loss of a hearing ability. According to Nevid (2011), even small gadgets such as mp3 players can reach sound levels that may end up damaging the ear of an individual. Unfortunately, all no evidence exists to show whether these arguments are results that are achievable with the use of EEG, especially in the context of television audiences watching sports on television where spectators make some levels of noise.
According to the study that was done by Candusso and Thompson (2014), when audiences were asked to report on the sound of movies they watched, the elements on which they made comments were volume and the music. However, little research has been done with respect to the effects of sound coming from the television on the audiences watching sports.
Sound Pressure
Goldstein (2013) has defined sound as a sequence of waves of pressure that is spread via comprehensible media, especially through the air. Golstein (2013) has shown that the perception of sound by human beings, and, by extension, in other animals, is limited to a specific range of frequencies. In this regard, the researcher has further noted that human beings can only hear sounds that fall within the frequencies of 20Hz and 20, 000Hz. However, other researchers have noted that the limits are not fixed.
The human hearing always adapts to the loudest sound, in cases where an individual hears more than one sound simultaneously. In support of this notion, Petelin and Petelin (2002) have contended that, if the human ear perceives more than one type of sound at the same time, the louder sound absorbs the fainter ones. In this case, the ear is only able to perceive the loudest sound coming into it. Remarkably, when the ear constantly perceives loud sounds, it becomes less sensitive to faint or soft sounds. Contrary to what other researchers have noted, Petelin and Petelin (2002) have argued that the audibility threshold varies with the condition of hearing. According to them, when an experiment with sound is done in silence, the outcomes are likely to be different from those of the one conducted where there is a loud sound in the background.
Sujatha (2010) has explained that the sensation of sounds results from pressure fluctuations or oscillations in the air. According to the author, human response to a sound through the ear is dependent on the frequency of that sound. It also depends on other factors such as sound pressure levels and the form of pressure waves. The foregoing postulations imply that the way the human ear perceives sounds depends on many determinant factors.
Sujatha (2022) contended that a healthy individual is able to detect sounds with frequencies falling within the range of 20 to 20, 000Hz. However, in the opinion of the above researcher, aged individuals have less sensitivity to higher frequencies, meaning that not all healthy people can detect sounds falling within the aforementioned frequencies; healthy older people can may not be able to detect similar sound frequencies as their younger counterparts are. In this respect, according to Sujatha (2002), the frequencies that are often used in the study of sounds are specific: there is the sonic frequency, falling between 20Hz and 20, 000Hz and is otherwise referred to as the audio-frequency range; there is also the ultrasonic frequency falling above 20, 000Hz and it is not considered as damaging below 105 decibels (dB); the last one is the infrasonic frequencies falling below 20Hz and are often felt, but heard. Infrasonic frequencies are considered damaging above frequencies above 120 dB.
Many methods that can be used to analyze different frequencies of sounds and their effects on the human brain. One of the methods entails the use of an electroencephalogram (EEG), which has been used only by a few researchers to the effect of sound on the brain of individuals watching sports on the televisions.
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electroencephalography is a technology that was developed by the German psychiatrist Hans Berger in the 1920s (Ehrenfeld & Cannesson, 2013). The technology was later developed and expanded to be used for clinical purposes. It is used to identify electrical activities in the human brain (Ehrenfeld & Cannesson, 2013). An electroencephalogram is non-invasive in nature, because it only records the activities in the brain along an individual’s scalp (Ehrenfeld & Cannesson, 2013). It uses small, metal discs that connected to one’s scalp. The activities of the electrical activities, when measure, show some wavy lines on an EEG. Apart from the effects of sounds, the EEG has been used to measure things such as epilepsy and other disorders that are associated with the brain. According to researchers, an EEG can be used to take a record of the brain waves while an individual is asleep, at rest or listening to sound (Yamada & Meng, 2012).
Evidently, various medical practitioners have used EEG to measure various conditions in the brain. For instance, neurologists have used electroencephalograms to diagnose the extent of injuries in patients who are suspected of having brain tumors, toxic metabolic disorders, strokes, and other brain-related disorders (Yamada & Meng, 2012). The signals recorded by EEG are generated by excitatory and exhibitory postsynaptic potentials of the cortical nerve cells. However, the use of EEG in the analysis of the effect of sound on the brain of television audiences has not been studied sufficiently (Yamada & Meng, 2012).
Libenson (2012) has noted that the EEG signals acquisition is very crucial for biomedical signal analysis, which is achieved with electrodes that are appropriately placed on an individual’s forehead. Libenson (2012) has also explained that during the use of the EEG, electrode locations are marked according to adjacent brain regions, the regions of which are frontal, central, temporal, posterior and occipital. Evidently, the use of EEG tests involves a system that consists of electrodes with conductive media, A/D converter, and a recording device, as further explained by Libenson (2012). The electrical potential measured based on the brain signals plotted against time is referred to as an electroencephalogram (Freberg, 2009). The recording of the brain signals entails four main areas in electroneurophysiology, which are electroencephalography, evoked potential studies, polysomnography, and electromyography (Freberg, 2009). However, the primary concern of this research study is with regard to electroencephalography.
There are few contexts in researchers have used electroencephalogram (EEG) to measure the effects of sounds. In this respect, Chen, Yang, Gan and Yang (2012) used EEG in performing two experiments. In the first experiment, Chen, Yang, Gan and Yang (2012) used the method in studying mismatches in emotional prosodies with and without sound intensity modification. In the second experiment, the researchers used the same method in recording results where they had asked participants to perform sound intensity congruity judgment. The results of the EEG showed that the sound intensity modification had a significant effect on the ratings with respect to angry levels of angry prosodies.
The results of the study showed that EEG could be successfully used in measuring the effects of sounds. Evidently, the foregoing study focused on the effects of sounds on audiences. In the case of this research study, the focus will also be on the intensity of sounds coming from a television during sports broadcasts. It is anticipated that the noise made by spectators during sports, and broadcasted on the television, has some effects on audiences, the effects of which are determinable on the EEG metrics. Therefore, the study supports the use of EEG in this study.
Barr et al. (2012) have contended that activities in the human brain can vary when exposed to different sound frequencies, which can be shown through electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Trainor (2010) has agreed with the foregoing claim by arguing that the auditory system has three main functions, which include locating objects, understanding language, and perceiving sounds such as music. In this respect, Trainor (2010) has further argued that all the mentioned functions rely on effective or efficient processing of the basic features of sounds, which can be measured by EEG. Trainor (2010) has noted that EEG can be used to measure such factors as how the auditory cortex processes sound pitches, sound locations, and fine temporal differences, all of which are different processes.
Despite the capability of EEG in terms of measuring the effects of sounds, different researchers have criticized it on various grounds. Accordingly, Sakai, Okuyama and Wei (2012) have argued that, with EEG, it is not possible to determine accurately where in the electrical signals emanate within the human brain, even though it can be used to discover where the signals are the strongest. This criticism means that, if there is a need to tell the exact places in the brain from where electrical signals originate, more advanced instruments need to be used.
Caviness, Liss, Adler and Evidente (2006) have also criticized EEG on the ground that it has a poor spatial resolution. The argument in this case is that the gap between any two of the electrodes is significantly large, with millions of neurons between them. According to the researchers, such a scenario results in weak electrical signals. The researchers are of the opinion that closely spaced electrodes are able to capture as many signals as possible.
Additionally, EEG has been faulted based the fact that it is only able to detect cortical dysfunctions, but rarely reveals its etiology. The researchers have further noted that EEG is subject to the influences of the states of alertness, drugs, stimulants and hypoglycemia, among others.
Despite the weaknesses of EEG, James (2012) has shown that it has a number of advantages over other forms of metrics that may be used in measuring brain activities. First, it has a better time resolution than other forms such as fMRI (Mulert & Lemieux, 2009). Second, it is not only portable, but also affordable (Mulert & Lemieux, 2009). Third, EEG is silent when being used and is very useful in terms of examining auditory processing (Mulert & Lemieux, 2009). Last, it can be combined with either TMS or fMRI (Mulert & Lemieux, 2009). Therefore, due to all its abilities and advantages, this study will use EEG to measure the effect of spectators’ noise on audiences watching sports on a television.
References
Alters, S., & Schiff, W. (2012). Essential Concepts for Healthy Living. London, UK: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Aveyard, K., & Moran, A. (2013). Introduction: Sound media, sound cultures. Media International Australia (8/1/07-current), 1(148), 79-83.
Backer, K., Alain, C. (2014). Attention to memory: orienting attention to sound object representations. Psychological Research, 78(3), 439-452.
Barr, W., Prichep, L., Chabot, R., Powell, M., & McCrea, M. (2012). Measuring brain electrical activity to track recovery from sport-related concussion. Brain Injury, 26(1), 58-66.
Bella, S., & Penhune, V. (2009). The neurosciences and music III: Disorders and plasticity. Winchester, Hampshire: John Wiley & Sons.
Bhoria, R., & Gupta, S. (2010). Biomedical signal, EEG. International Journal of Electronic and Computer Science Engineering, 88-93.
Birdsall, A. E. (2012). Rethinking theories of television sound. Journal of Sonic Studies, 3(1), 1-20.
Brasel, S., & Gips, J. (2014). Enhancing television advertising: same-language subtitles can improve brand recall, verbal memory, and behavioral intent. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 42(3), 322-336.
Brown, T. (2012). Physiological Psychology. New York, NY: Elsevier.
Candusso, D., & Thompson, J. (2014). How sound design shapes the audience’s response in Baz Luhrmann’s Australia. International Journal of the Image, 5(1), 25-31.
Cappellini, V. (2013). Electronic imaging & the visual arts. EVA 2012 Florence. Firenze, Italy: Firenze University Press.
Caviness, J., Liss, J., Adler, C., & Evidente, V. (2006). Analysis of high-frequency electroencephalographic-electromyographic coherence elicited by speech and oral nonspeech tasks in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research, 49(2), 424-438.
Chen, X., Yang, J., Gan, S., & Yang, Y. (2012). The contribution of sound intensity in vocal emotion perception: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. PLoS ONE, 7(1), 1-11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030278
Ehrenfeld, J., & Cannesson, M. (2013). Monitoring Technologies in Acute Care Environments: A Comprehensive Guide to Patient Monitoring Technology. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.
Enschot, R., & Hoeken, H. (2015). The occurrence and effects of verbal and visual anchoring of tropes on the perceived comprehensibility and liking of TV commercials. Journal of Advertising, 44(1), 25-36.
Freberg, L. (2009). Discovering biological psychology. London, UK: Cengage Learning.
Garland, T. (2014). Self-regulation interventions and strategies: Keeping the body, mind & emotions on task in children with autism, ADHD or sensory disorders. White Avenue, US: PESI Publishing & Media.
Goldstein, E. (2013). Sensation and perception. London, UK: Cengage Learning.
Grimshaw, M., & Garner, T. (2015). Sonic virtuality: Sound as emergent perception. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Henshaw, J. (2012). A tour of the senses: How your brain interprets the world. Baltimore, MA: JHU Press.
Hughes, S., Mogilski, J., & Harrison, M. (2014). The perception and parameters of intentional voice manipulation. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 38(1), 107-127.
James, W. (2012). Preparing for the AP Psychology Examination. London, UK: Cengage Learning.
Kleiner, M., & Tichy, J. (2014). Acoustics of small rooms. New York, NY: CRC Press.
Koelsch, S. (2012). Brain and music. Winchester, Hampshire: John Wiley & Sons.
Koopsen, C., & Young, C. (2009). Integrative health: A holistic approach for health professionals. London, UK: Jones & Bartlett Learning.
Landsberg, A. (2010). Waking the deadwood of history: Listening, language, and the ‘aural visceral’. Rethinking History, 14(4), 531-549.
Lerner, R., Bornstein, M., & Levethal, T. (2015). Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, ecological settings and processes. Winchester, Hampshire: John Wiley & Sons.
Li, D., Zhao, P., Zhao, J., & Cahill, D. (2013). Generation and detection of gigahertz surface acoustic waves using an elastomeric phase-shift mask. Journal of Applied Physics, 114(14), 143102.
Libenson, M. (2012). Practical approach to electroencephalography. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Health Sciences.
Lichtblau, L. (2010). Psychopharmacology demystified. London, UK: Cengage Learning.
Lind-Kyle, P. (2009). Heal your mind, rewire your brain: Applying the exciting new science of brain synchrony for creativity, peace and presence. Santa Rosa, CA: Elite Books.
Magoulas, G. (2013). Investigations into living systems, artificial life, and real-world solutions. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Inc. (IGI).
Mannes, E. (2011). The Power of music: Pioneering discoveries in the new science of song. New York, NY: Springer.
Marin-Padilla, M. (2010). The human brain: Prenatal development and structure. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.
Mefferd, A., & Green, J. (2010). Articulatory-to-acoustic relations in response to speaking rate and loudness manipulations. Journal of Speech, Language & Hearing Research, 53(5), 1206-1219.
Mulert, C., & Lemieux, L. (2009). EEG – fMRI: physiological basis, technique, and applications. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media.
Nevid, J. (2011). Essentials of Psychology: Concepts and Applications. London, UK: Cengage Learning.
Nilmini, W. (2008). Encyclopedia of healthcare information systems. New York, NY: Routledge.
Oakes, S., & North, A. (2013). Dance to the music! How musical genres in advertisements can sway perceptions of image. Journal of Advertising Research, 53(4), 411-416.
Obert, J. (2008). Sound and sentiment: A rhythmanalysis of television. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 22(3), 409-417. doi: 10.1080/10304310701739463
Oomen, J., Over, P., Kraaij, W., & Smeaton, A. (2013). Symbiosis between the TRECVid benchmark and video libraries at the Netherlands Institute for sound and vision. International Journal on Digital Libraries, 13(2), 91-104. doi: 10.1007/s00799-012-0102-3
Petelin, R., & Petelin, Y. (2002). PC music home studio secrets, tips, &tricks. New York, NY: Springer.
Sakai, M., Okuyama, Y., & Wei, D. (2012). Separation of EEG and ECG components based on wavelet shrinkage and variable cosine window. Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 36(1/2), 135-143.
Schnupp, J., Nelken, I., & King, A. (2011). Auditory Neuroscience: Making Sense of Sound. New York, NY: Springer.
Smith, P. (2013). The energy edge. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing.
Strasser, H. (2005). Traditional rating of noise versus physiological costs of sound exposures to the hearing, volume 66. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IOS Press.
Sujatha, C. (2010). Vibration and acoustics. New Delhi, India: Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
Swingle, P. (2008). Biofeedback for the brain: How neurotherapy effectively treats depression, ADHD, autism, and more. New York, NY: Routledge.
Trainor, L. (2010). Using electroencephalography (EEG) to measure maturation of auditory cortex in infants: Processing pitch, duration and sound location. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development, 1-5.
Vohra, M. (2011). Environment quiz book. New Delhi, India: V& Amps Publishers.
Wissman, T. (2014). Geographies of urban sound. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Yamada, T., & Meng, E. (2012). Practical guide for clinical neurophysiologic testing: EEG. New York, NY: Springer.
TO GET YOUR ASSIGNMENTS DONE AT A CHEAPER PRICE,PLACE YOUR ORDER WITH US NOW