Knowledge-Based Effectiveness in Management

Knowledge-Based Effectiveness in Management
LITERATURE REVIEW
The key aim of the research is to determine the effectiveness of knowledge-based approach to management of government projects in Kingdom of Bahrain. There are key factors that affect the effectiveness of the knowledge-based approach to the management of government projects in the Kingdom of Bahrain. First, the unique elements of the knowledge-based approach that makes it vital to use in the government projects will be evaluated. That is, the reasons why the knowledge-based approach is favorable to use instead of other management techniques. Second, a consideration of whether it has succeeded in other projects elsewhere. Third, favorable factors encourage for the use of the knowledge-based approach in Bahrain government projects. Last, consider whether it has ever succeeded in the management any government project in Bahrain. The literature review will cover the four critical areas.
Knowledge is a requirement for the success of projects especially for concurrent engineering, hence the need to adopt approaches that ensure the capturing and organization of different knowledge (Alhawari, et al, 2012, 50). The argument is knowledge helps people understand the different options they have in different scenarios, hence the emphasis in the development of the communication and information infrastructure will help fulfill the need for knowledge (Tah and Carr, 2001, p. 170).
In Bahrain, the government started the e-Government Authority with the aim of ensuring that the country did not lag in the information and communication technology sector especially with the recognition of continuing changes in global trends. In the country’s 2007-2010 strategy, the country’s administration argued that the fast-paced developments in the field obliged the country to ensure enhanced access and delivery to the citizens and other audiences, of information and other services (Kingdom of Bahrain, 2015, pp. 2). To achieve this, the government adopted e-Government entities in order to offer government services in an innovative way by the use of electronic channels. The government has recognized that attaining leadership in the field is important in its future, hence has made it priority. All government projects, therefore, are aimed at ensuring that this end is achieved, hence management of the projects must take into consideration that the government is focused on information communication and technology as part of its 2030 economic vision (Kingdom of Bahrain, 2015, p. 3).
In the management of risks, one of the critical issues that managers address is the management of risk. The high rates of adoption of management of risk as an essential management element differ across industries, and the better risk is managed, the better the probability of attaining positive outcomes (Kingdom of Bahrain, 2015, p. 2). The infrastructure that the country has introduced in the country through e-Government provides information, an essential element of risk management. The argument is that the infrastructure for access and management of information will ensure that the technical barriers associated with risk management are sufficiently addressed.
According to Kingdom of Bahrain (2015, p. 104), in the country’s e-Government strategy 2011-2014, analysis of the accomplishments of the e-Government strategy 2007-2010 showed that although the eGovernment authority had made significant steps in meeting the information needs, there was a need for the country to continue overcoming challenges and integrating efforts of the whole country in order to further improve information communication and technology and e-Government technology. As a result, the administration has sought to ensure that all government works and undertakings are aligned with the objectives of the e-Government.

Significances of Knowledge in Management of Projects
Projects success is dependent on the management effectiveness. The members of the team’s knowledge should be managed effectively. Senaratne and Sexton, (2011, p. 102) found that the change in the management projects could not be accomplished without ensuring the knowledge possessed by the team is fully managed. Nevertheless, the managers must be aware of the role that knowledge plays in the management of the projects. While the knowledge is vital for the success of the projects, it should be controlled and managed effectively (Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin, 2011, p. 33). The organization will need to use the knowledge in other projects in future. The uniqueness of the projects requires the consideration of project unique from the others that have been completed. Despite the interdependency and similarity of projects, the various the factor influencing the success of projects acts independently and uniquely on each project. Previously, the projects management was viewed as an activity requiring information synthesis and not an activity requiring intensive synthesis of the knowledge (Senaratne & Sexton, 2011, p. 108). Nevertheless, the information and the knowledge remain relevant in the project management. The process of transferring information from one organization project’s to another presents difficulty in managing them. Therefore, effective completion of projects necessitates different skills and knowledge from different specialists must be effectively integrated (Senaratne & Sexton, 2011, p.76). The success of the projects cannot be successful with the information’s sharing only. Knowledge is a significant asset in the management of the projects.
Various factors favor the implementation of the knowledge-based approach in the management of the government projects in Bahrain. The factors are very favorable to the projects that the government has outsourced the contractors and those managed by the managers employed by the public sector. The key factor is the introduction of the e-government program meant to control the provision of more than 200 services to the citizens in Bahrain in 2009. First, the program remains one the largest and complicated. The services are to be introduced in the different governmental ministries. The knowledge-based approach remains very effective in the management of very comprehensive projects that can change easily due to technological advancements. Bakri, Intrigue and Amaratunga, (2010, p. 34) found the sharing of the explicit knowledge significant to the success of the complex Information Technology projects. The greats resource for the storage of the vital knowledge in the projects is the employees who can retrieve the knowledge very easily (Ajmal, 2009, p.45). The genetic algorithm that controls the employees in various projects is helpful in such a situation.
Genetic Algorithm
In Jamil, In Lopes, In Silva & In Ribeiro, (2015, p. 80) the relation between knowledge and innovation is considered. The knowledge and the innovations were found to be positively interrelated. Particularly, the firms have the capability to adapt and configure the internal capabilities that it possesses. In Ruhe, G., & In Wohlin (2014, p. 85) suggestion on the genetic algorithm that used the Knowledge-based to facilitate the managers controls the early stages of the projects was suggested. The algorithms use the knowledge available on the employees on projects performed earlier to allocate the resources and determine effectiveness if a particular employee was assigned responsibility with those resources. Such approaches help the project managers to effectively schedule the date that a project can be completed (Journal, 2013, p.21). The projects manager can even determine whether a pair of employees can work effectively to meet the demands that are available on the projects (Yigitcanlar, 2010). The information kept in software can be used to determine a pair of employees that can work effectively towards needs of the project.
The government of Kingdom of Bahrain also significantly supports the implementation of knowledge based in the projects. The effectiveness of the method becomes very effective if approved by the government agencies. The government of Bahrain wants to implement the provision of services by considering the matters that are beyond normal (Becerra-Fernandez & Leidner, 2008, p. 223). The main aim of the government is to introduce a society that is highly knowledgeable using the ICT facilities (eGoverment Authority, 2009). Factually, the Bahrain has a goal to become a leader in the implementation of the in the use of the technologies. Moreover, the government has a key goal of making certain that 90% of the services provided by the government go online. Notably, the government wants to make certain that all can fully access the services adequately.
Currently, the Knowledge-based approach has gained interests in many governments and multinational organizations in the management of their projects. The government of Caribbean has largely depended in the knowledge-based approach in the implementation of its major project (Grabot, 2014, p. 56). The government believed the use of the approach would facilitate the crucial developments needed in the region. Significantly, the government successfully used the knowledge-based approach to make the necessary developments in the Information Technology (IT) projects. Similarly, the use of the knowledge-based approach has gained interest after the Kingdom of Bahrain introduced the e-government portfolio. Therefore, the approach is attractive for the Kingdom of Bahrain. Significantly, the use of the databases helps the projects managers to continue with the research in the areas that need improvements in their areas of specialization (Davenport, & Beer, 1998, p. 48). The projects implementation can be done effectively through a comprehensive assessment of the project proposals. With the research, the projects management is done through updated information relevant to the current changes and development.
The project management continuously faces challenges. Largely, decisions on the risk management must be done continuously to ascertain the success of the project. In fact, if the project management fails there will be poor planning of the work, poor communication, and poor reporting of the vital needs of the project (Alavi & Leidner, 2001). The knowledge-based approach ensures that the proper knowledge is generated and communicated effectively to those who need it in the project. At times, the managers may find themselves managing the wrong factors in the project. The majority of the new managers are not aware of the major areas of interest in the projects. (Rus & Lindvall, 2002, p. 27) The knowledge-based approach moves beyond to encourage performance through competence. Sharing integrated knowledge in the team enables achievement of the competence. Consequently, the knowledge leads to the developments of skills in the crucial fields required in the management of the projects.

Risk management
At present, there are huge developments made in different sectors and different organizations. Similarly, the world has undergone huge technological advancements. Both the growth and the technological advancements have increased the complexity of the projects that the governments and the different organizations need (Cattani , 2011, p. 65). For that reason, projects are unique, and a termination of a project means a beginning new project. Firms that deal with the projects must be ready to deal with the changes in the environments and the world at large. Talent, Alhawari, and Karadsheh, (2014, p.20) investigated the effectiveness of Knowledge Management in the Telecommunications sectors in Jordan. He found that the knowledge management was significant to risk managers in the projects. The managers are required to take relevant measures to cope with the risk arising in the course of the projects execution. The knowledge management is significant in the analysis of the available knowledge and the information ( Arain & Low, 2009, p76). The awareness of the risks facilitates rights decisions to be made appropriately. Currently, there is knowledge management technique used to manage the risks in businesses and the organizations. The Knowledge Risk Managements (KRM) facilitates full identification of the risk, and necessary measures are taken on time (Talet, Alhawari, & Karadsheh, 2014, p.30).
The application of the knowledge-based increase the competitive nature of the firms. Lai and Tsen,( 2013, p.173) identified three types of knowledge that can be noticed in the management of the projects. The projects can notice the knowledge in, from, and about projects. The three types of knowledge must be identified and managed. It was found vital for the firm that specializes in the management of the projects to make sure that it has implemented an information system. The information system developed can be used track the developments made in various industries (Talet, Alhawari & Karadsheh, 2014, p.27). Significantly, the system would ensure adequate transfer of knowledge from the employees seeking knowledge and those who currently possess the knowledge. The organizations should ensure the available information is coded carefully. In addition, there is the information and the knowledge that expires so quickly. Such knowledge should be guarded carefully to make certain that it undergoes development, and it can be transferred easily through the interaction of employees. Christensen and Bukh, (2012, p. 43) found that knowledge is an intangible asset but very valuable when stored appropriately.
The vital characteristic of the knowledge is that it can be upgraded from the time to time. Significantly, such knowledge is used to improve performance in the projects that would be done later. Christensen and Bukh, (2012 p. 48) found the knowledge application in Project Based Organization (PBO) is not questionable. The only question is the transferability of such information. A difficulty arises in the application of such knowledge to the new projects. Besides, the incorporation of such knowledge to new employees becomes questionable. The knowledge remains significant to the management of the project (Dezhi, Patten & Passerini, 2013, p. 664)s. The knowledge retrieved from previous projects becomes vital for the future projects. The main areas that the project-based firm benefits significantly from the knowledge-based approach are the technology, timing and employees capabilities utilization. With that, the knowledge available can be stored, reviewed, and retrieved in future. The projects management activities have gained popularity and interest in the Bahrain. The project managed by the knowledge-based approach is completed in time and always appear very innovative.
It is vital to understand the knowledge needed in particular kind of projects. In addition, it is significant to understand the role of the knowledge in the projects development. The project has a particular schedule of completion. In acquiring the knowledge, the project might delay in completion leading to an increase in the costs of the projects. The knowledge is significant in the success of government projects in Bahrain. Therefore, the projects managers should make certain the acquiring of knowledge and transfer through teamwork in the projects.
With the Bahrain government support of the knowledge-based approach, there are different projects emerging daily that need to be implemented. The e-government projects in Bahrain are increasing in the complexity dairy. Therefore, the knowledge-based approach becomes highly applicable in such times. After the implementation of the e-government strategy the new projects and strategies emerged. The new projects had to be implemented. With the increasing complexity in the management of the new strategy, the government prefers the managers and contractors who use the knowledge-based strategies. The digitalized projects that need to be implemented include the Smart Card, National Portal Infrastructure Project, e-Tendering and other projects in the financial and the health sector.
Need for Knowledge –based Approach
The today is economic conditions has made the government and different organization to come up with the strategies to effectively ensure survival. Therefore, the projects they implement require excellent skills to meet the needs that they desire. At the same time, they need the projects to be implemented affordably. The project managers should ensure that the project has been tailored for perfect management practices. Recently, despite the management tools available many of the projects have failed. The knowledge-based strategies are relevant in the early detection of the difficulties in the project management. With the use of the knowledge-based approach, signals of the project failure can be detected early, and the necessary measures adopted. The detection is made possible through the implementation of the knowledge previously gained in other projects that have been accomplished.
The main of the research was to carry an analysis on the effectiveness of the knowledge-based approach in the management of government projects in Bahrain. The government fully supports the implementation of the knowledge-based approach. Consequently, the implementation of the e-government strategy demanded the use of the knowledge-based approach. In fact, new projects continued to emerge in the course of implementing the government project. At the same time, the knowledge-based approach appeared favorable to the implementation of the projects mentioned. The knowledge-based appeared very effective in the management of the risk associated with the projects. In addition, the knowledge-based approach needed the information system to facilitate the management of the knowledge available. The implementation of e-government is favorable to the realization of the knowledge-based approach in the Bahrain government’s projects. The knowledge-based approach appears to favor the Bahrain government projects.
References
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