Supply chain

Supply chain
Tea and More is facing growing pains from its rapid expansion over the last decade.
The case provides a summary of the challenges faced by the company in the areas of
supply chain management, marketing plans, the creation of economic value and the
development of a long-term strategy for profitable growth.
Introduction
Jack Reynolds hadn’t panicked often since he and two business partners bought Tea
and More (TAM) from its founders almost sixteen years ago. As a purveyor of fine teas
and assorted food specialties to upscale restaurants and gourmet shops, TAM had
achieved a steady growth in market share and profitability since those early days when
gross revenues were less than U.S. $1 million and Jack knew most of his customers on a
first-name basis. Jack had bought out his partners along the way, making decisions easier.
He had grown used to calling the shots on even the most insignificant aspects of
operations and sales.
But by early 2009, revenues had grown to almost U.S. $25 million. Jack was putting in
killer days and had earned a reputation within the company as a temperamental “time
bomb” isolated in his corner office, where he regularly dispatched scorching e-mails
and voicemails about his latest discontents. There was no denying that the company
ached with growing pains. Jack snapped another pencil in half. Why did he always
have to come up with the next good idea? TAM employees from top to bottom were
privately feeling the weight of Jack’s heavy hand on the tiller. Turnover was beginning
to be a major problem, with valuable management time seemingly being wasted on trying
to train yet another new hire.
Jack dashed off an e-mail to his senior staff announcing a summit conference of sorts—
a weekend retreat where they (or he) would get to the bottom of the problems facing the
company: competitors fighting hard for more of TAM’s market share; maddening delays
1. Barry Doyle and Arthur H. Bell, School of Business and Professional Studies, University of San Francisco
(doyleb@usfca.edu) and (bell@usfca.edu). Copyright © 2009 by Operations and Supply Chain Management:
An International Journal and the authors. This case was prepared solely to provide material for classroom
discussion. The authors do not intend to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of a managerial situation.
The authors have disguised some names and other identifying information to protect confidentiality.
The views presented here are those of the case authors only. Used with permission.
165
and mixups in production; constant grousing from salespeople about too much travel for
too little reward; and Jack’s other laundry list of how his vendors, customers, employees
and office janitor were letting him down. Every aspect of the business, he told his people,
was “going under the microscope” to “make this company run like it used to.”
History of Tea and More
The company was founded in Los Angeles as Global Tea by three sisters in 1985.
They shared a love of fine teas and, prior to starting business, spent much of their vacation
time tracking down unusual teas, specialty blends and reliable producers around the
world. They built up a tidy and satisfied retail customer base comprised primarily of restaurants
and bakeries in California and eventually throughout other Western states. But
the circle was broken in 1992 when one sister died of cancer. Their CPA at the time, Jack
Reynolds, leaped at the opportunity to buy the business and talked two of his buddies
into putting up most of the capital as not-so-silent partners. Jack had an eye for marketing
and design. Within a matter of months he had transformed the look of his products
with imaginative graphics, whimsical quotations and brief, exotic product notes. Tea and
More was born, headquartered in Los Angeles.
After two extraordinarily successful years converting TAM to a wholesale operation,
Jack was able to buy out his partners and take over sole ownership of TAM as a privately
held company. From time to time, as expansion dictated, Jack brought aboard a few investors,
but never gave them decision-making roles. His senior staff consisted at first of a VP
of sales and marketing and a VP of Operations. That small team grew over time to include
an Executive VP (“someone who can communicate with Jack”) and six director-level positions
for various business functions. No matter the size of this senior staff from year to
year, Jack maintained absolute control over business decisions large and small. “Better
check with Jack” became the mantra among increasingly cynical company executives.
A Complicated Supply Chain
When Jack acquired the company, his primary vendors in China and India were used
to sending relatively small shipments on an “as available” basis. The founding sisters had
focused on the art of selling to their retail market, not on the reliability, scale or efficiency
of their supply chain. At times, in fact, they enjoyed running out of their most
popular teas so that their sales ingenuity could be challenged in selling more backof-the-shelf
varieties. Jack had a quite different vision and strategy. He almost immediately
expanded his sources to include Japan, Sri Lanka and Taiwan, while retaining his
connections in China and India. But shipment size and reliability continued to plague
the company throughout the mid-1990s.
Somewhat reluctantly, Jack weaned himself from direct import of his selected teas and
struck an advantageous contract with a middleman, Earl Morgan Limited (EML), based
outside London. EML had for more than a century served as a worldwide processor of
mainstream and exotic tea blends, all according to the specifications of their resale clients.
Jack’s company, for all its branding success in U.S. restaurants and gourmet
shops, remained a “small potatoes” account for EML compared to the large grocery
chains in the U.K. and Europe. Jack’s orders for blended teas from EML were typically
produced in batches twice a year. In more than one heated meeting, EML executives
166 Part 4 Distribution (Customer) Issues
patiently explained to Jack that he could not afford their equipment setup and calibration
expenses for more than two production runs each year. Especially since the shelflife
of properly sealed tea was not at issue, Jack had every reason to purchase in bulk
on a biannual basis rather than paying a stiff surcharge for more frequent production
runs. EML shipped to TAM in container-sized lots, with each container holding about
10,000 kilos of tea.
Purchase orders for types and amounts of tea come from TAM’s single production
facility, located outside Cleveland, Ohio. The initial decision to have production in the
center of the country rather than Los Angeles was motivated primarily by lower operating
costs—both wages and facilities were cheaper in the Midwest. Further, the
Production Chief, a tea guru now well advanced in years, simply refused to move to
Los Angeles—and, for once, Jack backed down to preserve the value that this key individual
brings to TAM’s many tea products. The Production Chief oversees the art of
ordering the right blends in the right quantities for a somewhat unpredictable market
(influenced by changing public tea preferences, the rise of competing beverages and the
overall economy). If a particular tea source is unavailable, a substitute ingredient must be
identified by the Production Chief prior to placing one of TAM’s production runs with
EML in London. But because any product changes have to be explained to TAM’s salespeople
and reflected in its advertising, the Production Chief must clear any alterations to
tea formulas with the VP of Sales and Marketing, based at headquarters in Los Angeles.
Such clearance isn’t pro forma. Often samples have to be shipped to Los Angeles; dozens
of communications flow back and forth, sometimes over a period of weeks. Other factors
explaining a continued production base in Cleveland include favorable tax conditions;
cheaper, more reliable labor than in the Los Angeles area; and affordable housing for
the dozens of employees involved in the production process.
The whole matter of order definition and compilation is made even more challenging
by the three-month lead time required by EML in London for any production run. EML
says it needs two months to acquire the selected tea from its Asian or Indian source and
one month for shipping (via freighter and truck) to TAM’s production facility in
Cleveland. TAM maintains standing orders with EML for its most popular high-volume
teas; and the arrival of these teas, sealed in large bags, can be predicted twice a year
almost to the day. Less popular teas, however, arrive with less regularity, since they
depend on being “worked in” to openings in EML’s long queue of production runs.
Once unloaded in Cleveland, the tea is packaged into retail containers. At full capacity,
the processing plant can package about U.S. $100,000 of tea per day (about 20,000
lbs). The packages are then shelved in the production facility until being shipped to the
retailer. The Cleveland facility usually warehouses about two months of sales as inventory.
But that estimation is typically just a guess. Order volume varies by season and
even within seasons, if a cold spell brings out more teapots or a hot summer more iced
tea. As a rule, and in spite of TAM’s efforts to educate them, retail customers tend to
under-order when they place their major tea purchases two or three times a year.
When their tea runs out, or a particularly popular blend goes empty on the shelf, these
customers frantically contact the Los Angeles sales staff, who in turn check the inventory
in Cleveland—and the shipping time to meet the customers’ emergencies. Sometimes the
right teas are available in Cleveland and can be transported quickly, if expensively, to the
retailer (who absorbs the extra shipping charges, usually air freight). Just as often, however,
Cleveland has to report back that the requested type or amount of tea isn’t in
inventory and won’t be available for a matter of months. Customers blame TAM, and
TAM blames the customers’ ordering practices.
Case 22 Reading the Tea Leaves at Tea and More: Resolving Complex Supply Chain Issues 167
Customer Service
TAM employs three full-time sales representatives, each with responsibility for major
accounts within a region of several states. Smaller accounts are serviced by “contract
sales staff”—i.e., salespeople who represent a number of product lines to relatively
minor clients such as individual restaurants and mom-and-pop grocery stores. Relations
with these contract sales personnel have become increasingly rocky over the past year.
With the increase in gas costs, sales men and women complain to TAM that they can
hardly afford to make even irregular calls on smaller, distant clients. For their part,
these clients complain to TAM that they haven’t seen a sales rep for months and are
forced to either abandon the TAM line or order it online, thus incurring additional shipping
expenses. These online sales further anger the contract salespeople, since they
receive no commission when an order goes through the online purchasing center. For
several months these outside sales personnel have lobbied TAM for some kind of commission
whenever an order comes from their territory, even if it comes online. TAM has
resisted this arrangement, fearing that it will further encourage salespeople not to make
in-person calls on their clients.
In total, these smaller sales account for about 15 percent of TAM’s business. Jack
Reynolds and other company leaders have long suspected that better customer service
could bump up this percentage substantially. For example, when a small retailer’s shelf is
empty of TAM teas, all it takes is a competitor on the spot with a ready deal to fill that
shelf. In such cases, TAM may have lost a customer forever. TAM leaders have tried a
carrot approach in offering a 12 percent commission instead of the usual 10 percent commission
to outside salespeople. They have also tried the stick approach, by threatening to
change sales vendors entirely unless customers begin receiving better, more regular service.
But outside salespeople seem to be impervious to either attempt at motivation. As one
salesperson put it, “An extra 2 percent commission doesn’t cover my extra gas and time.
And if they want to fire us, let them. We have plenty of brands to represent besides TAM.”
Payment Terms
TAM’s customers are technically on a “net 30” basis, with the 30 days until payment
due beginning when an order is shipped from inventory stored in Cleveland. TAM still
uses regular mail for sending invoices, although some customers have been willing to
receive invoices by fax. In spite of the “net 30” requirement, the average collection period
across all clients is 54 days. To date, TAM has not charged interest on balances less than
90 days in arrears, out of a concern for keeping good customer relationships. Customers
with a poor or missing credit history are required to pay by credit card, on which TAM
pays a 4 percent surcharge, or in cash, which is handled primarily by outside salespeople
before being turned in (twice a month) to the Los Angeles office. The handling of such
cash has been sloppy at best over the years. Some salespeople subtract what they calculate
to be their commission before turning in the remaining cash, a practice that TAM
leaders have tried repeatedly to stop.
Product Variety
Motivated in large part by requests from large restaurant chains, TAM has nearly
doubled the types of teas it sells over the past two years. New varieties pique the interest
168 Part 4 Distribution (Customer) Issues
of the sales staff for a brief period, giving them a new “story” to tell their customers. But
in general, the retail and wholesale market has preferred to stick to the five or six traditional
tea varieties produced by TAM. Financially, the effort to expand company sales by
coming up with new tea tastes, labels and packaging has proven to be a “bust” for the
company—an expensive experiment that failed. Yet TAM leaders have noticed that competitors
seem to have good luck with catchy new tea varieties, particularly those targeted
for holiday season marketing. “What are we doing wrong?” Jack Reynolds has asked
aloud many times. “We have a superior product, but our competitors are beating our
socks off by eye-catching displays and a lot of magazine advertising.” Yet he has been
reluctant to approve marketing budgets to match those of competitors when it comes
to untried new TAM products.
Product Pricing
In TAM’s early years, retail customers—patrons of restaurants and shoppers in grocery
stores and beverage shops—seemed oblivious to price. In several controlled marketing
studies, TAM teas seemed to achieve the same level of demand within a 20 percent price
swing up or down—customers simply wanted quality tea and were willing to pay for it. In
the last eighteen months, however, all aspects of TAM’s operation from materials cost to
labor to shipping have become significantly more expensive. In response, the company has
“pressed the upper envelope” of pricing to 25–30 percent above previous levels. This raise
in price has unfortunately created room for lower-quality tea producers to gain market
share by selling to TAM’s former customers at a much reduced price, often as much as
half of what TAM charges per product unit. TAM has emphasized the high quality of its
teas in expensive advertising campaigns and direct mail “specials” targeted at new and old
customers. But these expenses have further eroded profit margin. “We’re giving our tea
away!” Jack Reynolds has complained. “Let’s get back to basics and sell our traditional
line of teas to our loyal customer base. Forget the low-price market!” Jack’s company
associates have been reticent to remind him that his so-called “loyal customer base” has
been increasingly lured away by competitors with so-so teas but very attractive pricing.
The TAM Summit Conference
At the weekend “summit conference” called by Jack to deal with these company dilemmas,
senior staff first had to endure hours of Jack’s ranting about what each of them were
doing wrong, how he has been cheated by outside salespeople, how previous customers
had no sense of loyalty to TAM and seemingly endless other issues. When Jack tired, he
passed out a single sheet containing six questions to be addressed by senior staff. With a
flourish, Jack locked the door to the meeting room shortly after lunch. “And until we have
answers,” he proclaimed, “no one is leaving. I don’t care if it takes all night.”
Discussion Questions
1. What can we do about lost sales due to poor customer service by outside “contract”
sales staff?
2. How can we restore the attractiveness and power of the TAM brand for major customers
so they aren’t lured away by low-cost, low-quality competitors?
Case 22 Reading the Tea Leaves at Tea and More: Resolving Complex Supply Chain Issues 169
3. How can we minimize “stock outages” and other inventory problems caused by
unpredictable customer ordering patterns and the continuing difficulty of getting
faster production and delivery from EML in London?
4. How can we reduce collection time from 54 days to less than 40 days without alienating
the very customer base TAM is trying to attract and retain?
5. What decisions should we make regarding experimentation with new tea varieties,
such as the “Christmas Mint” tea that fell flat last season? Can we afford to continue
such experiments? Can TAM afford to stick only to its basic teas and not compete in
the “new and improved” tea market so heavily advertised by competitors?
6. What haven’t we thought of? Where else can financial advantages and process efficiencies
be achieved?
170 Part 4 Distribution (Customer) Issues
APPENDIX 1
Summary Financial Statements (‘000 U.S.$)
2006 2007 2008
Revenues 18,065 20,210 22,500
CGS 9,600 10,850 12,300
SG&A 4,560 5,300 6,100
Deprec. 1,050 1,050 1,050
EBIT 2,955 3,010 3,050
Interest 75 75 75
Tax 1,252 1,294 1,310
Net Income 1,628 1,641 1,665
Cash 100 100 100
A/R 2,600 2,950 3,350
Inventory 1,850 2,050 2,400
Current Assets 4,550 5,100 5,850
Net Fixed Assets 2,500 2,550 2,600
Total Assets 7,050 7,650 8,450
Accounts Payable 1,200 1,320 1,490
Other Current Liab. 200 230 250
Notes Payable 900 900 900
Total Liabilities 2,300 2,450 2,640
Owners Equity 4,750 5,200 5,810
Total 7,050 7,650 8,450
Selected Ratios* Ind Avg*
Oper. Profit Margin (%) 16.4 14.9 13.6 14
Net Profit Margin (%) 9 8.1 7.4 5
Avg. Coll. Period (days) 52.5 53.3 54.3 35
Inventory T/O (CGS/Inv) 5.2 5.3 5.1 8
*Industry Averages are approximate; data from comparable firms is difficult to obtain with any reliability.
Case 22 Reading the Tea Leaves at Tea and More: Resolving Complex Supply Chain Issues 171